CIE L*a*b*: comparison of digital images obtained photographically by manual and automatic modes

The aim of this study was to analyze the color alterations performed by the CIE L*a*b* system in the digital imaging of shade guide tabs, which were obtained photographically according to the automatic and manual modes. This study also sought to examine the observers' agreement in quantifying the coordinates. Four Vita Lumin Vaccum shade guide tabs were used: A3.5, B1, B3 and C4. An EOS Canon digital camera was used to record the digital images of the shade tabs, and the images were processed using Adobe Photoshop software. A total of 80 observations (five replicates of each shade according to two observers in two modes, specifically, automatic and manual) were obtained, leading to color values of L*, a* and b*. The color difference (ΔE) between the modes was calculated and classified as either clinically acceptable or unacceptable. The results indicated that there was agreement between the two observers in obtaining the L*, a* and b* values related to all guides. However, the B1, B3, and C4 shade tabs had ΔE values classified as clinically acceptable (ΔE = 0.44, ΔE = 2.04 and ΔE = 2.69, respectively). The A3.5 shade tab had a ΔE value classified as clinically unacceptable (ΔE = 4.17), as it presented higher values for luminosity in the automatic mode (L* = 54.0) than in the manual mode (L* = 50.6). It was concluded that the B1, B3 and C4 shade tabs can be used at any of the modes in digital camera (manual or automatic), which was a different finding from that observed for the A3.5 shade tab.

CIE L*a*b*: comparison of digital images obtained photographically by manual and automatic modes.

The aim of this study was to analyze the color alterations performed by the CIE L*a*b* system in the digital imaging of shade guide tabs, which were obtained photographically according to the automatic and manual modes. This study also sought to examine the observers' agreement in quantifying the coordinates. Four Vita Lumin Vaccum shade guide tabs were used: A3.5, B1, B3 and C4. An EOS Canon digital camera was used to record the digital images of the shade tabs, and the images were processed using Adobe Photoshop software. A total of 80 observations (five replicates of each shade according to two observers in two modes, specifically, automatic and manual) were obtained, leading to color values of L*, a* and b*. The color difference (ΔE) between the modes was calculated and classified as either clinically acceptable or unacceptable. The results indicated that there was agreement between the two observers in obtaining the L*, a* and b* values related to all guides. However, the B1, B3, and C4 shade tabs had ΔE values classified as clinically acceptable (ΔE = 0.44, ΔE = 2.04 and ΔE = 2.69, respectively). The A3.5 shade tab had a ΔE value classified as clinically unacceptable (ΔE = 4.17), as it presented higher values for luminosity in the automatic mode (L* = 54.0) than in the manual mode (L* = 50.6). It was concluded that the B1, B3 and C4 shade tabs can be used at any of the modes in digital camera (manual or automatic), which was a different finding from that observed for the A3.5 shade tab.

Impacto da saúde bucal na qualidade de vida de pacientes maiores de 50 anos de duas instituições públicas do município de Araraquara-SP, Brasil / Oral health impact profile in the quality of life of patients over 50 years old of two public institutions of Araraquara city, SP, Brazil

Introdução: A saúde bucal pode afetar a qualidade de vida das pessoas, sendo o índice OHIP-14 (Oral Health Impact Profile) de utilidade para avaliar este impacto. Objetivo: Estudar o impacto da saúde bucal na qualidade de vida de pacientes maiores de 50 anos, verificando-se, preliminarmente, a confiabilidade do índice OHIP-14. Material e método: Estudo transversal, em que se aplicou o formulário OHIP-14 a 149 pacientes em duas instituições públicas de atendimento de rotina em Clínica Odontológica (UNESP) e médico (Municipal). Estudou-se a consistência interna do índice aplicando-se o coeficiente alpha-Cronbach. O índice OHIP-14 foi obtido pelo método aditivo, sendo os pacientes distribuídos segundo gênero, faixa etária e nível de escolaridade. O teste t-Student foi usado para comparações de interesse, adotando-se um nível de significância de 5%. Resultado: A amostra compôs-se de 149 pacientes (87% de cobertura). A consistência interna para o índice OHIP-14 foi boa (alpha-Cronbach = 0,78). A média, para o índice OHIP-14, foi de 4,98. Houve predomínio da dor física, nos aspectos "sentir-se incomodado ao comer algum alimento" e "sentir fortes dores na boca", com prevalências de 21,50 e de 11,40%, respectivamente. Houve diferença não-significativa entre o índice OHIP médio e cada uma das variáveis gênero, faixa etária e escolaridade (p > 0,05). Conclusão: O índice OHIP-14 apresentou consistência interna boa e mostrou ser baixo impacto da saúde bucal na qualidade de vida de pacientes maiores de 50 anos em atendimento odontológico e médico de rotina nas instituições estudadas (UNESP e Municipal).

Introduction: Oral health can affect quality of life, and the OHIP-14 index (Oral Health Impact Profile) is useful for evaluating this impact. Objective: to investigate the impact of oral health conditions on the quality of life ofpatients over 50 years, assessing, initially, the consistency of the short form of the Oral Health Impact Profile index (OHIP-14). Material and method: A cross-sectional study was performed among 149 patients of two public institutions for routine dental (UNESP) and medical practice (Municipal). They were interviewed using the OHIP-14 formulary, assessing its internal consistency (Cronbach´s alpha coefficient) and the OHIP-mean (additive method). The patients were distributed according to sex, age, and education level. The comparisons of interest were madeusing Student´s t test at a 5% level of significance. Result: A total of consecutive patients (n = 149) participated of this study (87% response rate). Cronbach´s alpha coefficient was 0.78, denoting a good consistency of the OHIP index. The OHIP mean was 4.98. The most prevalently affected OHIP domains were dimensions of physical pain:painful aching (11.40%) and uncomfortable eating foods (21.50%). There was non-significant difference (p > 0.05)between the mean OHIP value in relation to each of gender, age, and education level. Conclusion: The OHIP-14 is a reliable instrument of assessing oral health-related quality of life, and among patients under routine practice, it was found a low impact of oral conditions on their quality of life in the studied institutions (UNESP and Municipal).

Efeitos da aplicação de resina hidrofóbica sobre a resistência deunião de adesivos autocondicionantes de frasco único / Effect of additional hydrofobic layer on the microtensile bond strenght of all-in-one adhesive systems

Introdução: Sabe-se que sistemas adesivos autocondicionantes podem atuar como membranas semipermeáveis, o que pode comprometer a adesão. Objetivo: Buscou-se avaliar os efeitos da aplicação adicional de resina hidrofóbica sobre a resistência de união à microtração de sistemas adesivos autocondicionantes de frasco único sobre dentinabovina. Material e método: Sessenta incisivos bovinos tiveram a face vestibular desgastada até se obter superfície dentinária plana. Foram utilizados os seguintes sistemas adesivos: Clearfil Tri S Bond (CTSB), AdheSE One (ADO) e One Coat 7.0 (OC). Os sistemas adesivos foram testados com (G4, G5, G6) e sem (G1, G2, G3) a aplicação de camada adicional de material hidrofóbico do mesmo fabricante (Clearfil SE Bond, AdheSE e One Coat SE, respectivamente), resultando em seis grupos experimentais (n = 10). Após o procedimento adesivo, resinacomposta Z-350 foi inserida em três incrementos de 1 mm. Todo o procedimento adesivo restaurador foi executado sob pressão pulpar simulada e o teste de microtração foi executado imediatamente após a polimerização da resina composta. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos à ANOVA e ao teste de Tukey (p < 0,05). Resultado: Para todos os adesivos testados, os piores resultados foram observados nos grupos em que a camada adicional de resina hidrofóbica não foi aplicada. Conclusão: A aplicação de camada adicional de material hidrofóbico pode melhorar a resistência de união de sistemas adesivos autocondicionantes de passo único.

Introduction: It is known that self-etching adhesive systems can act as semi-permeable membranes. Objective: Evaluate the effects of additional layer of hydrophobic resin on the microtensile bond strength of self-etching one-bottle adhesives. Material and method: Sixty bovine incisors were used in this study. The facial enamel surfaces of the crowns were abraded with silicon carbide paper to expose flat, mid-coronal dentin surfaces. The following adhesives were used: Clearfil Tri S Bond (CTSB), AdheSE One (ADH) and One Coat 7.0 (OC). Each material was tested with and without applying an additional layer of hydrophobic material from the same manufacturer. Z-350 composite resin was inserted in three 1 mm increments. All adhesive restorative procedure was performed under simulated pulpal pressure and the microtensile test was performed immediately after curing the compositeresin. Data were submitted to ANOVA and Tukey test (p < 0.05). Result: For all adhesives tested, the worst results were observed in groups which the additional layer of hydrophobic resin was not applied. Conclusion: The application of additional layer of hydrophobic material can improve the adhesion of self-etching all-in-one adhesive systems.

Sistema CIE Lab: análise computacional de fotografias / CIE Lab System: computational analysis of photographs

Por anos, os métodos de escolha de cor em odontologia têm sido realizados de forma subjetiva, baseados em experiências clínicasparticulares, sem nenhum embasamento científico. Com o aumento dos procedimentos estéticos restauradores, existe a preocupação na escolha da cor, cuja determinação envolve as técnicas visual e instrumental. A técnica visual é realizada com o auxílio de escalas de referências, e a técnica instrumental é realizada com o auxílio de espectrofotômetros, colorímetros e software de análise de imagens. Com o avanço tecnológico em equipamentos e com o auxílio de softwareque auxiliam na precisão da cor da imagem digital, este trabalho utilizou o softwareAdobe Photoshop 7.0, com o objetivo de avaliar a utilidade, na prática clínica, da máquina fotográfica digital para seleção de cor segundo a escala Vita LuminVaccum. Inicialmente, foi utilizada uma máquina amadora e dois examinadores fizeram a aferição, sendo realizado um estudo de correlação intra-classe para avaliação de concordância interexaminador. Concluiu-se que a análise computacional de imagens digitais pode ser usada para analisar guias de cores pelo sistema CIE LAB, assim como é confiável, sendo a diferença de cor entre os dois observadores clinicamente aceitável. Adicionalmente, por meio de uma máquina fotográfica profissional, foram comparados os modos manual e automático, para saber se a diferença de cor (ΔE) promovida por eles teve relevância clínica. Concluiu-se que, para as guias B1, B3 e C4 poderão ser usados quaisquer modos de câmera digital (manual ou automático), diferente do observado para a guia A3.5

For years, the methods of choice of color in dentistry, have been made subjectively, based on individual clinical experience, without any scientific basis. With the increase in esthetic restorations, the most sought in recent decades, for better color choice are the visualand instrumental techniques. The visual technique is performed with the aid of references, and the scales of instrumental technique are performed with the aid of spectrophotometers, colorimeters and image analysis software. Due to technological advances in equipment and due to the development ofsoftwares that improve precision in color of the captured digital image, the present study aimed to use the Adobe Photoshop 7.0 software, in order to evaluate the usefulness of the digital camerain clinical practice, when selecting color according to the Vita LuminVaccum scale.Interobserver agreement was verified when two examiners evaluated the coordinates L*, a* and b*, by using an unprofessional camera. Intraclass correlation coefficient was applied to verify interobserver agreement.It can be concluded that the computer analysis of photographic images can be used to analyze the color guides by means of the CIE L*a*b* system, as it was reliable and also because the color difference between the two observers was clinically acceptable. In relation of the use of a professional digital camera to verify the difference in color promoted by the manual and by the automatic mode, it can be concluded that for the guides B1, B3, and C4 any modes could be used, differently of the observed for the guide A3.5